Introduction:

Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, represents the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with intellectual impairment [1]. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder with prevalence estimates ranging from 6.1 to 13.1 per 10,000 people [2,3]. Most often DS results from complete trisomy of chromosome 21, due to non-disjunction during gamete formation (about 95%), while the remaining ones are due to either complete or partial translocation of chromosome 21 to another chromosome, typically in the D (13–15) or G (21–22)

group [4]. Down syndrome is the most common recognizable genetic syndrome associated with abnormal immune function and immune defects. Individuals with DS have a higher incidence of autoimmune disorders [5]. The increased susceptibility to infections has been associated with atypical immune function in conjunction with various non-immune related medical and anatomical comorbidities [6]. Among those, endocrinopathies are the most common [7]. The physiopathological bases for these changes are not fully understood, and studies suggest that endocrine dysfunction in DS may be multifactorial,